In 2007 much of Estonia was knocked offline by cyber attacks that had originated in Russia. State, business and banking websites were overwhelmed by a barrage of requests for information in so-called distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. A year later, a cyber defence centre was established in the country and Estonia is now a leader in national cyber security. Most governments base their defence plans on prevention, detection and response. This is based partly on intelligence to spot threats from criminal organisations or even hostile governments. Controversially, that involves harvesting terabytes of data on web traffic and mobile phone communications.
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